Healthcare Access Challenges for Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Study

Abstract

While health-seeking behavior research has expanded for urban and rural populations, migrant workers' healthcare needs remain critically understudied. This study addresses this gap by examining the healthcare access challenges faced by Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia, a population exceeding 500,000 but with poorly documented health outcomes (Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia, 2023). We employed a sequential mixed-methods design in Greater Kuala Lumpur (November 2023- February 2024). Structured interviews with 200 workers using snowball-convenience sampling and two focus group discussions (n=14) exploring lived experiences. Analysis integrated descriptive statistics with thematic coding of narratives. Three systemic barriers emerged: firstly, (Structural exclusion) 87% lacked employer-provided health coverage, with undocumented workers particularly vulnerable. Secondly, (Financial constraints) Average monthly earnings (RM 1,200-1,800) made hospital fees prohibitive. Lastly, (Cultural-linguistic gaps) 62% avoided care due to language barriers and distrust of Malaysian providers. Notably, 71% relied on self-medication through medicines imported from Bangladesh, risking improper treatment. Based on its findings, this research recommends Bilateral health agreements between Malaysia and Bangladesh, Employer-mandated health insurance schemes, and Mobile clinics with Bengali- speaking staff.