Exploring the Socio-economic factors associated with Maternal Health: Pregnancy and Childbirth behavior in Rural Areas of Bangladesh

Abstract

Maternal health outcomes in Bangladesh remain a critical public health concern, particularly in rural areas where socio-economic disparities persist. Despite efforts to improve maternal healthcare, many women still face significant challenges due to limited knowledge, cultural perceptions, and poor practices surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. Moreover, women are being dominated in various ways by men in the society surrounding pregnancy. They are being stigmatized in various ways, economically suppressed and even gender discrimination is being created. This study aims to investigate the socio-economic factors that influence the knowledge, perceptions, and practices (KPP) associated with pregnancy and childbirth among women in rural Bangladesh. A qualitative approach was adopted to ensure comprehensive insights. Qualitative data were collected from 50 women of reproductive age (16–35 years) through structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were gathered via in-depth interviews, key informant’s interviews, FGDs, and case studies including health workers, community leaders, and pregnant women. Descriptive and thematic analysis were employed to interpret the qualitative data using NVivo software. The study found that women with higher education levels and household income demonstrated significantly better knowledge and practices regarding antenatal and postnatal care. Cultural beliefs, such as the preference for home births and reliance on traditional birth attendants, were prevalent and influenced by lower educational attainment and limited access to formal healthcare. The involvement of husbands and family members in decision-making was also a critical factor affecting maternal healthcare utilization. Qualitative insights revealed deep-rooted myths, gender norms, and financial constraints as barriers to improved maternal health practices. Socio-economic status, education, and cultural perceptions play a pivotal role in shaping women's knowledge and behavior regarding pregnancy and childbirth in rural Bangladesh. Above all, the dominant attitude of men towards women is one of the reasons for the degradation of women’s social status. For which rural women are getting very little support from men even in a sensitive moment like pregnancy and childbirth. The childbirth revolves around stigmatization of women, economic exploitation and gender inequality. Interventions aiming to improve maternal health must consider these underlying factors and adopt culturally sensitive, community-based strategies to promote awareness and access to healthcare services.